Rep. Don Young (R-AK) has highlighted this point repeatedly in Congress. For example, the Global Aquaculture Alliance’s Best Aquaculture Practices standards—including finfish and crustacean and salmon—set out a broad range of environmental and social standards.

General geographic and economic indicators, Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR), Convention on the Conservation and Management of Pollock Resources in the Central Bering Sea (CCBSP), Fishery Committee for the Eastern Central Atlantic (CECAF), Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission (IATTC), International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT), International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES), International Pacific Halibut Commission (IPHC), North Atlantic Salmon Conservation Organization (NASCO), North Pacific Anadromous Fish Commission (NPAFC), North Pacific Fisheries Commission (NPFC), Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization (NAFO), Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC), South Pacific Regional Fisheries Management Organisation (SPRFMO), The North Pacific Marine Science Organization (PICES), Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC), Western Central Atlantic Fishery Commission (WECAFC), /fishery/docs/DOCUMENT/fcp/en/FI_CP_US.pdf, Marine resources - Eastern Central Pacific, Marine resources - Western Central Atlantic, Marine resources - Western Central Pacific, Serra spanish mackerel - Coastal areas of Trinidad, European union : Danish fishing fleet : 2010, Northwest pacific : Bottom gillnet alfonsino and oreo fishery - high seas : 2009, Northwest pacific : Bottom longline fishery - high seas : 2009, Northwest pacific : Bottom trawl alfonsino and armourhead fishery - high seas : 2009, Northwest pacific : Pot deep-sea crabs fishery - high seas : 2009, Pacific islands region : Marine fisheries : 2009, Database on Introductions of Aquatic Species, Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, value added, Hold down the shift key and drag to zoom to a particular region, United Nations Geospatial Information Section http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/english/htmain.htm, Imagery for continents and oceans reproduced from GEBCO, www.gebco.net. Feed should be held to the same high sustainability and labor standards as the aquaculture product itself. Acting through the regional council process of creating a fishery management plan for farmed fishes, the NMFS issued the final rule to implement the Fishery Management Plan for Regulating Offshore Aquaculture in the Gulf of Mexico.17 This rule was based on a general counsel’s interpretation that the inclusion of the term “harvesting” in the definition of the term “fishing” within the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act (MSA)—the primary federal law governing U.S. fisheries management—applied to harvesting farmed fish as well as wild fish. Gerry E. Studds in the House of Representatives,” (July 28, 1994), available at, Marine Aquaculture Enhancement Act of 1994, H.R. Rep. Steven M. Palazzo (R-MS) and Rep. Collin C. Peterson (D-MN) introduced a House companion bill, H.R. Specifically, fed aquaculture systems’ waste discharges have had negative effects on local wildlife and habitats.69 In regions of high aquaculture output such as New Brunswick, Canada, salmon aquaculture is the largest anthropogenic source of organic input to the coastal zone, which can fuel more frequent and more intense harmful algal blooms, deplete ambient oxygen, and alter the food chain.70, Given global trends, aquaculture is likely to only grow more central to the global food supply. 6966, 115th Cong., 2nd sess. Escapement57 is the term used for any amount of live aquaculture stock escaping its enclosure or containment method, which can result in nonnative species being introduced to new bodies of water or the aquaculture stock interbreeding with wild populations. http://webarchive.loc.gov/congressional-record/20160308145640/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/D?r103:17:./temp/~r1034PHO5M:: https://www.congress.gov/bill/103rd-congress/house-bill/4853?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22Marine+Aquaculture+Enhancement+Act+of+1994%22%5D%7D&s=6&r=1, https://www.congress.gov/bill/111th-congress/house-bill/4363/text, https://www.seafoodsource.com/news/aquaculture/open-ocean-aquaculture-bill-introduced, https://www.seafoodsource.com/news/aquaculture/osi-supports-offshore-aquaculture-bill, https://www.congress.gov/bill/111th-congress/senate-bill/3417/text, https://www.seafoodsource.com/news/aquaculture/bill-introduced-to-delay-gulf-aquaculture, https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/senate-bill/3138/text, 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https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4776937/, https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/raq.12301, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51047118_Nutrient_Bioassimilation_Capacity_of_Aquacultured_Oysters_Quantification_of_an_Ecosystem_Service, https://www.epa.gov/energy/greenhouse-gas-equivalencies-calculator, https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/1-4020-3030-4_6, https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=Kg8sPBi8XnYC&oi=fnd&pg=PA281&dq=Restoring+oyster+reefs+to+recover+ecosystem+services&ots=FNSR9MYn1u&sig=S1fhip_KEG46QJTFV75ofBt0cUU#v=onepage&q=Restoring%20oyster%20reefs%20to%20recover%20ecosystem%20services&f=false, https://www.undercurrentnews.com/2019/01/28/catalina-sea-ranchs-cruver-chomping-at-the-bit-to-expand-mussel-farm-on-federal-waters/, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260392957_AQUACULTURE_AND_MARINE_MAMMALS_CO-EXISTENCE_OR_CONFLICT, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/250222018_Escapes_of_fish_from_Norwegian_sea-cage_aquaculture_causes_consequences_and_prevention, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10530-014-0808-9, https://www.int-res.com/abstracts/aei/v3/n2/p153-161/, http://www.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/aquaculture/reporting-rapports/mar-mam/index-eng.html, https://www.regjeringen.no/globalassets/upload/kilde/fkd/bro/2005/0013/ddd/pdfv/255320-technical_requirements.pdf, https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/washington/articles/2019-04-30/cooke-aquaculture-pays-332-000-over-escaped-atlantic-salmon, http://lawfilesext.leg.wa.gov/biennium/2017-18/Pdf/Bills/Session%20Laws/House/2957.SL.pdf#page=1, https://www.undercurrentnews.com/2019/03/18/cooke-strikes-again-buys-california-distributor/?platform=hootsuite, https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/0dcb/965a8863123efe859fc8b2eb9fa87a6dd997.pdf, https://www.int-res.com/articles/aei2015/7/q007p091.pdf, http://parasitology.msi.ucsb.edu/sites/parasitology.msi.ucsb.edu/files/docs/publications/Laffertyetal2015ARMS.pdf, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1369527411000440, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226897060_Effect_of_Feed_and_Feeding_in_the_Culture_of_Salmonids_on_the_Marine_Aquatic_Environment_A_Synthesis_for_European_Aquaculture, https://kundoc.com/pdf-an-experimental-simulation-of-changes-in-diatom-and-flagellate-blooms-.html, https://www.int-res.com/abstracts/meps/v166/p17-25/, https://www.seafoodwatch.org/-/m/sfw/pdf/criteria/aquaculture/mba_seafood%20watch_aquaculture%20standard_version%20a3.2.pdf?la=en, https://www.bapcertification.org/Certification, https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/green/news/2018/09/06/457466/5-recommendations-speed-infrastructure-permitting-without-gutting-environmental-review/, https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ece3.2637, https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/national/aquaculture/seafood-traceability-program, https://www.ars.usda.gov/SCA/Fact%20Sheets/Aquaculture%20-%20EPA%20Fact%20Sheet%20July%202018.pdf, http://www.fao.org/family-farming/detail/en/c/1151964/, https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/green/reports/2016/12/15/295088/seafood-slavery/, https://www.who.int/topics/foodborne_diseases/aquaculture_rep_13_16june2006%20.pdf?ua=1, Require robust and timely production data, Do not allow discharge of wastes over certain environmentally determined levels, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, “Fisheries Economics of the United States 2015: Economics and Sociocultural Status and Trends Series” (Washington: U.S. Department of Commerce, 2017), available at, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, “FAO Term Portal: Collections: Aquaculture,” available at, Stephen J. (July 28, 1994), available at, National Sustainable Offshore Aquaculture Act of 2009, H.R.4363, 111th Cong., 1st sess. In recent years, Canadian regulatory efforts to reduce entanglement fatalities at aquaculture facilities have proved effective.56 In 2017, entanglement fatalities in the British Columbia region were just 0.13 percent of what they were in 1999. Globally, it is estimated that entanglement in fishing gear already kills 300,000 whales and dolphins annually,55 and an increase in aquaculture gear could pose additional risks to wild species. Thank you to Jean Flemma, independent consultant and co-founder of Ocean Collectiv, for reviewing this report. In April of 2019, Cooke dropped its appeal and agreed to pay Washington $332,000 in fines.60 This incident has inspired caution on the state’s part; in 2018, Washington Gov. The total area that NOAA Fisheries is responsible for monitoring and enforcing regulations for marine fisheries. Part I of the Fishery and Aquaculture Country Profile is compiled using the most up-to-date information available from the FAO Country briefs and Statistics programmes at the time of publication. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, “Fisheries Economics of the United States 2015: Economics and Sociocultural Status and Trends Series” (Washington: U.S. … Catherine M. Kemper and others, “Aquaculture and Marine Mammals: Co-Existence or Conflict?”, in N. Gales, M. Hindell, andR. Ocean aquaculture can be divided into two major sectors: fed and unfed. As the United States considers whether or not to expand offshore aquaculture, policymakers should balance economic opportunity with environmental protection. Entanglements54—which most often affect marine mammals—can happen with fixed gear, as used for mussels and seaweed as well as any loose hanging lines or slack nets, and are often fatal. NOAA Fisheries has jurisdiction over 129 endangered and threatened marine species, including 42 foreign species. Studies have shown that there are benefits and risks associated with aquaculture, all of which should be taken into account when creating a sustainable progressive plan if aquaculture is to be expanded in America. (December 16, 2009), available at, SeafoodSource, “Open-ocean aquaculture bill introduced,” December 17, 2009, available at, SeafoodSource, “OSI supports offshore aquaculture bill,” January 5, 2010, available at, Research in Aquaculture Opportunity and Responsibility Act of 2010, S. 3417, 111th Cong., 2nd sess. Hall and others, “Blue Frontiers: Managing the Environmental Costs of Aquaculture” (Penang, Malaysia: The WorldFish Center, 2011), available at, The National Aquaculture Association, “Why Choose U.S. Farm Raised Products?”, available at, California Environmental Associates, “Offshore Finfish Aquaculture: Global Review and U.S. Prospects” (Lost Altos, CA: David and Lucile Packard Foundation, 2019), available at, Marcel Martinez-Porchas and Luis Rafael Martinez-Cordova, “World Aquaculture: Environmental Impacts and Troubleshooting Alternatives,”, National Aquaculture Act of 1980, Public Law 362, 96th Cong., 2nd sess.

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